Sustainable Energy and Artificial Intelligence

Abstract Significant advances have been made in electrical energy distribution networks in recent years. Distributed Generation (DG) technology is rapidly advancing, particularly in response to the needs of sensitive loads in the network that demand high reliability. This paper explores using distributed generation sources to increase capacity credit (CC) in Electrical energy distribution. This article focused on studying wind sources. The issue of planning DG in the distribution network is represented as a non-linear optimization problem. The goal is to make wind power more reliable, reduce losses, and improve capacity credit. The problem model includes the network's and DG's technical and economic constraints. Two methods, Monte Carlo and k-means, have been used to model uncertainties in network load and wind power generation during the planning process. The cut-set is used to assess the network's reliability. The IEEE 33-bus distribution network was studied using the teaching learning-based optimization algorithm in two scenarios to improve response efficiency. The article found that DG can provide up to 33% of the network load in capacity credit.

Abstract Analytical modelling is a powerful tool for electrical machines design. Yet, subdomain arrangements and shapes inconsistent to the principal coordinate system of machine can pose a big challenge when developing an accurate analytical model. As PM arrangements and shapes in electrical motors are subject to change and optimization, this research focuses on developing an accurate 2-D analytical model for both cubic and arch – shaped PMs. To evaluate the accuracy of the model, a brushless electrical machine with spoke-hub PMs on the rotor is used to calculate the magnetic fields of the rotor and stator, as well as the resulting torque. However, comparison with Finite Element Method results indicates that for typical configurations involving cubic and arc-shaped PMs, the two-dimensional (2-D) analytic modeling can accurately compute electromagnetic quantities and the electromagnetic torque.

Abstract While studying fuel cells, managing the amount of water and removing its excess, is crutial.  Nano materials used in the membrane, catalyst and gas diffusion layers, as well as the thickness of those layers, could have different effects on water management and cell performance. In the current study, these issues were investigated theoretically with a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) with 4-Serpentine flow channels. The geometries of the channels were rectangular and triangular, and the active area of the cell was 24.8cm². Pure Hydrogen and Oxygen were used on both sides. A complete three-dimensional and two-phase model was used for the numerical solution. To validate the solution, an experimental setup was designed to compare the simulation results with the experimental data, and the outcome was satisfactory. The aftermath shows an increased cell performance either by enhancing the thickness of the gas diffusion layers or reducing the thickness of the membrane in both rectangular and triangular channel geometry. Furthermore, under identical conditions, cell performance with rectangular channel is better than the one with the triangular channel.

Abstract The frequency stability is a crucial aspect of an islanded microgrid, especially considering the presence of RES with low inertia. These RES, such as wind turbines and photovoltaic systems, pose a potential threat to the frequency stability of the microgrid. To address this challenge, the concept of VIC has been introduced in islanded microgrids. This paper investigates the application of VIC not only to the ESS but also to the WT and PVS. The proposed method aims to enhance the frequency stability of the microgrid. The results of this study compare the performance of the proposed method, which includes VIC for PVS, WT, and ESS, with other scenarios. These scenarios include The VIC for PVS and ESS, VIC for ESS only, and a method without VIC. The simulation results, obtained using MATLAB software, demonstrate that the proposed method significantly improves the frequency stability of the microgrid under load disturbances and disturbances originating from RES. Moreover, the proposed method exhibits robustness in the face of uncertainties associated with microgrid parameters.

Abstract Creating a formal common language, beyond the ambiguities of natural languages, between different stakeholders, from analysts to test engineers, is one of the key goals of software modeling. Although notations are standard in software modeling languages such as UML, junior engineers’ interpretation of models varies. Model interpretation in the presence of experienced people increases the learning rate for junior engineers. One of the potentials of large language models is the ability to interpret images and models. This research aims to use large language models as an assistant to interpret UML models to increase junior engineers’ learning rate and understanding of the software models. We conducted an evaluation study to examine how helpful an LLM can be to help interpret the software models. Although large language models are still not very accurate in interpreting UML models, the experiment’s results showed that students’ learning rates increased by LLMs as model interpretation assistants. In other words, the large language model worked well as a teaching assistant. The detailed results of this exploratory study are reported in this paper.

Abstract With the continuous advancement of human civilization, the demand for energy has significantly increased, leading to a heightened need for energy resources. Effectively harnessing solar energy, as one of the most promising sources of energy, is crucial today. Among various applications, solar water heaters have gained widespread adoption, prompting researchers to focus on enhancing their efficiency. This study investigates the use of impinging jets to improve the performance of solar water heaters, numerically, to examine the impact of impinging jets positioned at the absorber plate. A total of 160 configurations were analyzed, assessing the effects of Reynolds number, turbulence intensity, jet diameter, and jet height on the Nusselt number. Operating within a Reynolds number range of 10,000 to 25,000, the results indicate that the PEC increases up to sixfold, while the Nusselt number rise as much as ninefold compared to conventional heaters without impinging jets. The highest cooling effect on the absorber plate, associated with an increase in the Nusselt number, is observed at a Reynolds number of 25,000, achieving a Nusselt number of 495.6. Furthermore, increasing the jet height to half the height of the cooling channel yielded significant performance improvements.